Caroline Furnace stood one and a half miles south. Built in 1833 by Henry, Blake and Co., its stone stack was 35 feet high with a maximum inner diameter of 10 feet, it burned charcoal, and its air blast was powered by steam. In 1838, it produced 750 tons of iron while consuming 2062 tons of ore and 225,000 bushels of charcoal. It made 1200 tons of iron in 1857 and operated until 1890. Kentucky had been a major iron producer since 1791, ranking third in the U.S. in the 1830s and eleventh in 1965. Charcoal timber, native ore, and limestone supplied numerous furnaces in the Hanging Rock, Red River, Between Rivers, Rolling Fork, and Green River regions, where pig iron, utensils, and munitions were made. The old charcoal furnace era ended with depletion of ore and timber and the growth of railroads.