Captain Soule and Lieutenant Cramer jeopardized their lives and careers when they refused to attack the Cheyenne and Arapaho at Sand Creek, then wrote letters about the atrocities they witnessed and later testified about them. In 1865, Congress and the War Department each investigated the attack, and testimony from some soldiers and officers rebutted Chivington's official account; both federal inquiries determined that Sand Creek was a massacre, though Chivington and many others continued to insist it was a battle. Chivington resigned his commission in early 1865 and was never held accountable. During negotiations for the 1865 Treaty of the Little Arkansas, Peace Commissioners met with some Cheyenne and Arapaho survivors, and the new treaty condemned the massacre, assigned blame to the Federal Government, and promised reparations under Article 6, but no one was officially punished. Although sympathetic in nature, the treaty also required the Cheyenne and Arapaho to relinquish title to their lands in Colorado and relocate to a new reservation in Oklahoma.