In 1855, Washington Territorial Governor Isaac Stevens and Oregon Territory Indian Superintendent Joel Palmer convened a treaty council in present-day Walla Walla, Washington, with Yakama, Nez Perce, Cayuse, Umatilla, and Walla Walla bands and tribes. They proposed two reservations, one in Nez Perce territory and one in Yakama territory, but the Cayuse, Umatilla, and Walla Walla withheld consent until the treaty commissioners agreed to establish the Umatilla Indian Reservation. In the treaty, their ancestors ceded more than 6 million acres to the United States and retained 1/2 million acres of the homeland, while preserving rights they had always held to fish, hunt, and gather foods and medicines within the ceded lands. Pressure for the valuable farming and grazing land within the reservation led to allotment under the Slater Act of 1885, as the reservation was surveyed, parcels were assigned to tribal individuals, and the remaining land was sold. Land and boundary surveys, allotments, and other government policies eventually reduced the reservation from 510,000 acres to 158,000 acres. A timeline in this history includes Lewis and Clark passing through in October 1805 and April 1806, the establishment of Fort Nez Perces in 1818 on the Columbia between the Walla Walla and Snake Rivers, Marcus Whitman's Protestant mission in 1836 in the CTUIR homeland, large-scale emigration along the Oregon Trail in 1843, Isaac Stevens's treaty negotiations from Puget Sound to the Rocky Mountains in 1854 and 1855, the conclusion of treaty negotiations with the Cayuse, Umatilla, and Walla Walla on June 9, 1855, Oregon statehood on February 14, 1859, and congressional ratification of the 1855 treaty on March 9, 1859, by which CTUIR ceded over 6 million acres.