In the 19th century, central New York's economy relied heavily on hops for beer-making, wheat, dairy cattle for milk, butter, and cheese, and sheep for wool. Farmers experimented with many types of agriculture, but success ultimately depended on the market. Harvesting crops such as hops required significant labor, which was met by a migratory workforce. Few farmers owned land in the 19th century; instead, they leased it through share contracts that stipulated earnings would be reinvested to improve property, increase agricultural yields, and settle monthly rental fees, disproportionately benefiting landlords. This system allowed the Clarkes to maintain a position of power and influence the region's economic and agricultural development.