The passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 further reduced the size of Indian reservations, and because the mission was too far removed from the tribes, it closed in 1863. Today both tribes have reservations in Kansas, Nebraska, and Oklahoma, and the Sac and Fox also have a reservation in Iowa. Chief James White Cloud attended school at the mission, fought in the Union Army during the Civil War, and served as chief of the Iowa Nation from 1865 until his death in 1940.