When Europeans arrived in America, Florida was home to the Calusa and the Tequesta, tribes that emerged from the Archaic Period around 5000 B.C. The Calusa were the largest and most powerful tribe, with a complex society led by a chief, a military leader, and a chief priest, along with nobles, commoners, and slaves. They were accomplished sailors who used canoes made from hollowed-out cypress logs and traveled as far as Cuba and possibly Mexico. Their territory stretched from what is today Tampa east to Lake Okeechobee and south to Marco Island, Cape Sable, and the Florida Keys, with their capital on Big Mound Key near present-day Fort Myers, and in the early 1500s their population may have reached 20,000. The Tequesta were the second largest tribe in Florida, occupying what is today Broward and Dade County and into the Keys, with Biscayne Bay at the heart of their territory and their main village at the mouth of the Miami River. Both Calusa and Tequesta villages existed in the Keys, including a settlement on Indian Key and at least eight more within a five-mile radius. Hernando d'Escalante Fontaneda, born in Cartagena, Columbia, in 1538, was shipwrecked on the Florida coast at age 13 and spent the next 17 years among the Calusa and other tribes, learning four Indian languages and traveling extensively through Florida before being rescued by Pedro Menendez de Aviles. In 1575 he wrote a memoir that provides much of what is known about Florida's Indians, including their tribes, hierarchy, chiefs, food, customs, family life, and the geography of Florida and the Florida Keys. Slave raids by Creek and Yamasee Indians from Georgia and the Carolinas, along with diseases introduced by Europeans, decimated the population, and by 1763, when Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain, only 80 families remained. After the decline of the Calusa and Tequesta, Native Americans in southern Florida were called Spanish Indians and included Creeks who had migrated south in the early 1700s, runaway black slaves, some Spanish fishermen from Cuba who intermarried with Indians, and possibly some Calusa remnants. The Seminoles emerged around 1770 from Creek and other tribes from Georgia and Alabama along with runaway black slaves who began migrating into northern Florida, then moved south during and after the three Seminole Wars fought to remove Indians to Oklahoma. When the Third Seminole War ended in 1842, more than $20 million had been spent, 1,500 American soldiers had died, and no formal peace treaty had been signed. About 300 Seminoles took refuge in the Everglades and avoided removal to Indian Territory, and their descendants form the Seminole Tribe of Florida, which now has about 3,000 members living on six reservations across the peninsula and has never surrendered or signed a peace treaty. The Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida originally belonged to the same group of Creek Indians as the Seminole Tribe, later separated into an independent tribe, and today has approximately 550 people and three reservation areas in Florida.