In eastern Kentucky during 1861 and 1862, Union and Confederate forces fought a series of skirmishes, battles, raids, and invasions. At West Liberty on October 23, 1861, Col. L.A. Harris' 2nd Ohio Infantry and a company of Union cavalry under Gen. William "Bull" Nelson skirmished with Capt. Jack May's smaller Morgan Guards, driving them out of Morgan County and back to Prestonsburg. At Ivy Mountain on November 8, 1861, May led three companies of the newly formed 5th Kentucky Infantry, C.S.A., in a delaying action against four Union regiments led by Nelson, allowing the main body under Col. John S. Williams to evacuate Pikeville and fall back to Pound Gap; Union losses were eight killed and twenty-four wounded, and Confederate losses were ten killed and fifteen wounded. At Tom's Creek on January 4, 1862, nine hundred Union infantry under Garfield, after marching up the Big Sandy from Catlettsburg, skirmished with one hundred Confederate cavalry sent by Marshall from his fortified position at Hager's Farm near present-day Hager Hill. At Jenny's Creek on January 7, 1862, three hundred Union cavalry, the 2nd Virginia Cavalry under Colonel Bolles, attacked two hundred Confederate cavalry posted there by Marshall west of Paintsville and drove them off, with six Confederates killed and several wounded, and Union casualties of two killed and one wounded. At Middle Creek on January 10, 1862, eighteen hundred Union troops under Garfield fought a day-long battle with 1,950 Confederates under Marshall; after several assaults Garfield drove one Confederate regiment from its entrenched position, and when night fell the Confederates retreated, burning some supplies and leaving their dead on the field, with Union casualties of three killed and eleven wounded and Confederate casualties of ten killed and fourteen wounded. At Pound Gap on March 14, 1862, six hundred Federal infantry and one hundred cavalry led by Garfield attacked five companies of Virginia State Militia under Major J.B. Thompson, routed them after a twenty-minute fight, and captured their fort of sixty log huts, commissary, hospital, and officers quarters; there were no Union casualties, and Confederate casualties were seven killed and wounded. During Menifee's raid on Pikeville from August 2 to 5, 1862, Capt. Nathaniel Menifee and his Confederate guerrillas skirmished several times with the town's home guards, killed nine Union men, drove the rest from the county, looted John Dils's general store and the stockyards, and drove many cattle back to Virginia. In September 1862, Marshall invaded eastern Kentucky through Pound Gap with regiments under Col. Robert C. Trigg, Col. Alfred C. Moore, Col. Campbell Slemp, and Col. J.W. Gillespie, with Brig. Gen. John S. Williams's 5th Kentucky Infantry leading the advance; they occupied Pikeville, Prestonsburg, Salyersville, West Liberty, and other towns along the Mount Sterling-Pound Gap Road, then withdrew to southwestern Virginia after the Battle of Perryville on October 8, 1862. At Wireman's Shoals on December 4, 1862, Lt. Levi Hampton and a small detachment of the 39th Kentucky Infantry, escorting pushboats with military supplies up the Big Sandy from Catlettsburg to Pikeville, were attacked, surrounded, and captured by 800 Virginia Partisan Rangers under Col. John N. Clarkson; Union losses were two killed, twelve wounded, and thirty-eight captured, and the Confederates seized 500 Enfield rifles, 7,000 rounds of ammunition, and enough uniforms to outfit Clarkson's command, then murdered Hampton after his surrender and stripped his body.