Designed by the Army Ballistic Missile Agency, the Jupiter missile was initially designated SM-78. Although the Army Ballistic Missile Agency carried out its research and development, the Army never deployed it. In 1955, the Department of Defense directed the Army to work with the Navy on a sea-based version, but in late 1956 the Army lost control of all missiles with a range greater than 200 miles to the Air Force. The Navy later abandoned Jupiter in favor of the safer and more practical solid-fueled, submarine-based Polaris missile. Transferred to the Air Force, Jupiter became the first operational Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile. In 1961, the Air Force deployed Jupiter intermediate-range ballistic missile squadrons in Italy, where Italian Air Force crews operated them while U.S. Air Force personnel would have controlled arming them with nuclear warheads if necessary. Additional squadrons were deployed in Turkey and operated by the Turkish Air Force, and all Jupiter missiles were removed from service in 1963. Jupiter missiles were also used for science, and modifications of Jupiter produced the Juno II space launch vehicle. During its development, Jupiter achieved several firsts, including the free world’s first successfully launched Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile, the launch and recovery of the first full-scale heat-protected intermediate-range ballistic missile nosecone, and on 13 December 1958 a Jupiter carried Gordo, a squirrel monkey, into space. Built by the Chrysler Corporation at Warren, Michigan, Jupiter used a Rocketdyne engine burning liquid oxygen and RP-1 to produce 150,000 pounds of thrust at liftoff. Unlike the Redstone rocket, it had no fins and instead gimbaled its first-stage engine for stability; it was a constant-diameter cylinder with a skin of heavy-gauge welded aluminum and a conical nosecone for its payload. A Jupiter launched on 18 April 1962 from Pad-A at Complex 26 by a Turkish Air Force crew formed part of training with the weapon system, and although Jupiter was capable of carrying a nuclear warhead, no such devices were used in the training exercises conducted at the Cape. Between 1957 and 1963, thirty-four Jupiter missiles were launched from Cape Canaveral, including twenty-five from Complex 26, with additional launches from Complex 5 and Complex 6, and some launches were not successful.