Julien Dubuque, a swarthy French-Canadian who came to this area around 1785, gave his name to the city after wooing Potosa, daughter of Peosta, a Fox chief whose village stood at the mouth of Catfish Creek below present-day Dubuque. In 1788 the Fox Indians gave him the right to work the lead mines in what is now Dubuque County, and in 1796 Governor Carondelet of Upper Louisiana granted him the first and largest of three Spanish Land Grants in Iowa, a 9-mile-wide tract along the Mississippi between the Little Maquoketa and Tete de Mort Creek known as the Mines of Spain. Each fall he left for St. Louis with furs and lead, but his mining venture failed, he fell heavily in debt to Auguste Chouteau, and he signed away the southern half of his grant. After Dubuque died in 1810, the Chouteaus tried to take over the land, but the Fox Indians drove them away, arguing that he had been granted only the right to work the mines, not to own them, and the United State Supreme Court upheld that argument in 1853. The area that became Dubuque had been part of French Louisiana when Joliet and Marquette passed by in 1673, Perrot taught the Miami Indians to mine lead there in 1690, and Spain took control west of the Mississippi in 1762. Frenchmen mined lead there during the American Revolution, Dubuque became Iowa's first permanent settler, and his tomb stands on a bluff overlooking the Mississippi below the city. On this site lead miners drew up the Miner’s Compact, Iowa's first code of laws, in 1830, permanent white settlement began in 1833 after the Fox Indians withdrew, and the first survey of the city limits was made that fall. Dubuque gained many Iowa firsts, including the first church and the first murder and public hanging in 1834, the first newspaper and first bank in 1836, was incorporated in 1836, and by 1860 the city and county had 31,164 inhabitants.