One of the last major battles in the struggle for African American civil rights came in Selma, Alabama, where despite the Civil Rights Act of 1964, African Americans still faced severe barriers to voting as Southern governments used literacy tests and poll taxes to block a constitutional right. Although more than half of Selma's citizens were Black, less than two percent were registered to vote. The Dallas County Voters League and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee organized voter registration efforts, and when local officials blocked them, they called on major civil rights leaders to bring to Selma the momentum of Montgomery and Birmingham. Rev. Fred L. Shuttlesworth and other Southern Christian Leadership Conference leaders spoke at church rallies to mobilize mass nonviolent campaigns against the city's White power structure and Dallas County Sheriff Jim Clark. National outrage followed when Clark's horse-riding troops, armed with billy clubs and tear gas, attacked peaceful marchers trying to cross the Edmund Pettus Bridge on Sunday, March 7, 1965, in the clash known as Bloody Sunday. After two failed attempts to cross the bridge, a third succeeded, and on March 21, 1965, Shuttlesworth joined Dr. King and thousands of marchers in prayer on the bridge before crossing. The multi-day march ended with more than 20,000 people protesting at the state capital in Montgomery, where Gov. George Wallace refused to meet them. During the Selma marches, Rev. James Reeb and Viola Liuzzo were killed, and Shuttlesworth led sympathy marches for Reeb in Birmingham and Cincinnati. The Selma Movement led to the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.