From 1900 to 1920, the woman suffrage movement gained new life through state-by-state campaigns that combined traditional United States political methods with tactics influenced by the radical English movement. Under Carrie Chapman Catt's leadership, organizers recruited younger women, attracted club women and society leaders, and built support among women in colleges, labor, the professions, settlement houses, and women's clubs. Suffragists organized by voting precincts, sought working women's support, used parades as spectacles, and won voting rights in Washington, California, Arizona, Kansas, Oregon, the Alaska Territory, Nevada, and Montana between 1910 and 1914. In New York, Harriot Stanton Blatch organized vibrant parades beginning in 1910, recruited Silent Sentinels to picket and silently lobby the state legislature in Albany, and worked alongside Catt's Empire State Campaign Committee; after defeat in 1915, New York passed woman suffrage in 1917, followed by Michigan, Oklahoma, and South Dakota in 1918, while most eastern states waited for the national amendment. National attention focused on the March 3, 1913, suffrage parade in Washington, D.C., planned by Alice Paul and Lucy Burns for the day before Woodrow Wilson's inauguration. An estimated 5,000 to 8,000 marchers, grouped by state, country, profession, or work and joined by labor, reform, college, and women's clubs, proceeded down Pennsylvania Avenue in a spectacle of banners, floats, bands, and colorfully costumed marchers led on horseback by Inez Milholland as The Herald. African American women, though not consulted in planning, insisted on inclusion, and nearly 50 participated, including members of Delta Sigma Theta and leaders such as Ida B. Wells Barnett and Mary Church Terrell. Male spectators disrupted the procession with verbal and physical abuse, police failed to protect the marchers, about 100 people were taken to the hospital, and cavalry from nearby Fort Myer restored order, but most marchers completed the route to the Treasury building, and the parade won front-page publicity for the suffrage cause across the country.