During the 1900s, Quakers faced global warfare and humanitarian atrocities while holding to pacifist beliefs. During World War I, thousands of American men, including Quakers, were drafted, and Quakers who were called served in non-combat positions because they did not believe in participating in war. In 1917, Quakers founded the American Friends Service Committee as another way for conscientious objectors to aid their country. In the 1930s, the American Friends Service Committee provided essential positions for civilians caught in the Spanish Civil War. During World War II, it helped Jewish refugees escape from Nazi Germany and later supported civilians on both sides of the Korean War and the Vietnam War, while continuing to promote Quaker beliefs in peace and civil justice around the world. Before the Civil War, the nation was deeply divided by slavery, and that conflict would determine whether the nation continued as two separate countries or one nation without slavery. Quakers were heavily represented in the abolitionist movement, helped enslaved people escape on the Underground Railroad, and sometimes opened their homes to those in need. For Quakers, the Civil War was difficult because slavery violated moral laws, yet they also did not believe in fighting wars. Young Quaker men could serve in the army or find replacements; those who refused to find a replacement were charged a 300-dollar fee, and if they refused to pay the exemption fee, they were threatened with the loss of their land.