Following the Civil War, violence between settlers and Native tribes during westward expansion prompted the U.S. to begin treaty talks with five Southern Plains tribes at a sacred meeting place where the present-day Medicine Lodge River and Elm Creek converge. In the fall of 1867, a Peace Commission of seven military and civilian leaders arrived, along with hundreds of military personnel, while as many as 15,000 Cheyenne, Arapaho, Comanche, Kiowa, and Plains Apache camped nearby, including chiefs Satanta, Little Raven, and Black Kettle. Three treaties signed by various tribal alliances became collectively known as the Medicine Lodge Treaty, under which the tribes agreed to stop opposing railroad construction, surrender claims from the Platte to the Arkansas rivers, and relocate to reservations in Indian Territory, present-day Oklahoma. The agreement brought little peace because both the U.S. and the tribes failed to fully honor it: goods and rations were delayed and inadequate, causing starvation and sickness on the reservations, while tribes continued raids to relieve hunger and resist the government. The treaty did, however, facilitate railroad building and white settlement. Among the tribes involved, the Arapaho had shifted from farming near Lake Superior to bison hunting on the Plains and were represented by Chief Little Raven; the Comanche had migrated from the Rocky Mountains, adopted a horse-centered way of life, and were represented by Chief Ten Bears; the Kiowa had also migrated from the Rocky Mountains, long allied with the Plains Apache, and included Chief Satanta among ten leaders who signed; the Plains Apache, also called the Kiowa-Apache, later settled peaceably on their reservation; and the Cheyenne had moved south from Minnesota, became nomadic bison hunters, suffered the 1864 Sand Creek Massacre, and made peace with the U.S. during these talks.