The Oregon Coast stretches from the Columbia River south to Bandon, with forested headlands, towering sand dunes, lakes, rivers, and the peaks of the Coast Range to the east. Those peaks are remnants of a chain of volcanic islands that collided with the North American continent about 50 million years ago, while the southernmost coast is dominated by the geologically distinct Siskiyou Mountains, a complex mass formed at different times and in different ways and made up of folded, metamorphosed, and faulted rocks ranging from 400 million to 100 million years old. Before contact with Euro Americans in the nineteenth century, Native American peoples of the Southern Coast, including the Siuslaw, Coos, Coquille, Tututni, Chetco, Tolowa, Lower Umpqua, and other Athabaskan-speaking peoples, lived in permanent villages near the shore and traveled to inland summer camps, sustaining themselves with salmon, smelt, acorns, deer, edible plants, and berries. Before the 1850s, few Euro Americans had contact with the Indians of the Southern Coast because the area was isolated by rugged mountains and lacked good harbors, but gold discoveries in the Siskiyou Mountains then brought thousands of prospectors and adventurers, and gold found in coastal sands gave Gold Beach its name. After Native bands resisted the influx of newcomers, the Rogue River Wars of 1855-1856 ended in the forced removal of most of their people to a reservation far to the north despite the lack of any ratified treaty agreement, though some remained in places such as South Slough and along the Siuslaw River. During the 1850s, small harbors at Gardiner on Winchester Bay and on Coos Bay received goods from San Francisco for inland miners; by the 1870s, coal discovered on Coos Bay was shipped south, often in locally built wooden sailing ships, and a commercial salmon cannery opened on the Rogue River in 1876 while lumber mills also contributed to the Southern Coast economy before World War I. A railroad from the Willamette Valley reached Coos Bay in 1916 and opened a new outlet for timber products, huge lumber operations centered on Coos Bay anchored the economy until the 1980s, and the Oregon Coast Highway in the 1930s supported dairying, lily bulb and cranberry growing, and tourism to the coastline and the sand dunes south of Florence, later made a federal recreation area in 1972. Beginning in the 1970s, the Coquille Tribe and the Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians re-established a portion of tribal lands and governance in the Southern Coast region, and in the 21st century the region relies on tourism, recreation, fishing, boating, timber production, dairying, cranberry growing, and commercial fishing.