Civil War cavalry equipment included an 1840 heavy cavalry saber; trooper’s forage bags with coffee, sugar, hardtack, and mess gear; a blanket roll with a change of clothes wrapped around a wool blanket and covered with a rubber blanket; a canteen; and an 1859 McClellan saddle designed with the comfort of the horse in mind. A cavalry uniform comprised an 1859 forage cap, sack coat, cotton shirt, reinforced trousers, cotton underwear, and braces. Other equipment included an 1860 Colt Army revolver, primer and cartridge box with 40 rounds of ammunition, horse rations of corn and oats, horse care items, a housewife sewing kit, and a rifle or carbine depending on the unit. At Goose Creek Bridge, Confederate mounted cavalry barely reached the spot before Union cavalry and horse artillery took position on the far side. Elements of the 1st South Carolina Cavalry, the last Confederates across, were struck by artillery on the bridge, and nine went down from a single shot. The first Union forces attempting to cross in pursuit, mounted troopers from the 6th Ohio Cavalry, were also in perfect range of J.E.B. Stuart’s horse artillery under Hart’s and Mooreman’s Batteries on the high ground, with Confederate sharpshooters from Wade Hampton’s brigade positioned below them, and the Ohioans were turned back. Because horses and cavalry equipment were tremendously expensive and hard to replace, much of the fighting here was carried out by horse artillery, dismounted cavalry sharpshooters, and infantry. The Union forces that ultimately pushed across Goose Creek Bridge came from the 4th New York Cavalry, assisted by the 16th Michigan Infantry, along with the simultaneous help of the 44th New York, 83rd Pennsylvania, and 20th Maine, which crossed the flooded creek on foot under heavy fire. Eleven days later those three regiments would become famous at Gettysburg’s Little Round Top. In the cavalry battles of Aldie, Middleburg, and Upperville, both sides made considerable progress in learning how to employ horse artillery, mounted cavalry, dismounted cavalry, and infantry together for maximum advantage. More than 1,500,000 horses and mules were killed in the Civil War.