The Second Creek War in Russell County grew out of Creek frustration after the Treaty of Washington in 1832, which promised land allotments that could be kept or sold after five years, with those who stayed able to become citizens of Alabama and those who sold expected to move west. Speculators quickly swindled Creeks out of their lands, illegal white settlement spread across Creek territory, and some angry and desperate Creeks attacked American settlements in an effort to resist the loss of their homeland. In Russell County, the first clashes occurred along the road between Columbus and Tuskegee, where Creeks attacked stagecoaches and burned bridges and houses, while in the southern part of the county they attacked Glennville residents and burned plantations in eastern Russell County. Alabama Governor Clement C. Clay sent militia under General John W. Moore, and U.S. Secretary of War Lewis Cass sent troops under Generals Winfield Scott and Thomas S. Jesup, but these forces failed to coordinate and instead carried out separate raids through the county. Moore destroyed the village of High Log on June 16, 1836, while Jesup, marching with many Upper Creek allies, forced the surrender of more than 1,250 Creeks and captured Neah Emathla and his fortified camp; hundreds more then surrendered. Scott marched north from near Irwinton, present-day Eufaula, met almost no resistance, and declared the war over in early July 1836, though fighting continued farther south and Removal soon followed. The conflict ended with American acquisition of all remaining Creek territory. Russell County had already seen a notorious confrontation in the summer of 1833, when Deputy Marshal Jeremiah Austill found many illegal white squatters on Creek lands, ordered some to leave, and became the target of Hardeman Owens, who escaped arrest and tried to lure him into an explosives trap before federal soldiers shot and killed Owens after Creeks warned Austill. Creek society was divided over the war: warriors from Apalachicola, Sawokli, Yuchi Town, Hitchiti, and Chehaw are believed to have been central in the rebellion, while many other Creeks either stayed out of the fighting or fought alongside American forces, including Opothle Yoholo, Menawa, and Paddy Carr; among the best-known rebel leaders were Neah Micco, Neah Emathla, and Tuskena.