The Mountain Howitzer was a short-barreled, large-caliber cannon built on a small enough scale to be taken apart and carried on pack animals. It was used mostly in small skirmishes, scouting expeditions, and cavalry raids, and served with distinction in Civil War battles. Although much used in the East, it was more important in the West, where roads were fewer, country was rougher, and there were few large cannons shooting back. It was a devastating weapon whose higher trajectory than regular field guns made it useful against enemies behind fortifications or concealed in rugged terrain. Its chief asset was mobility: the two hundred twenty pound cannon went on one pack animal, the carriage was towed by a second, and ammunition went on a third, and it could be easily assembled and fired by a battery of six men. It fired spherical shot, canister, or grape shot, and could loft a twelve-pounder to its intended range of one thousand seventy yards. The cannon to the north was manufactured in 1863 at Ames Foundry of Chicopee, Massachusetts, for the Civil War, then sent West at the war's end for use against hostilities. It saw action in the 1873 Modoc War, when Captain Jack and the Modoc Indians resisted relocation to the Klamath Reservation and took refuge in the Lava Beds; during that conflict General Canby was killed under a flag of truce, and Captain Jack and three Modoc warriors were hung at Fort Klamath. The cannon to the south was manufactured in 1853 at Cyrus Alger and Company of Boston, Massachusetts. During the 1860 Paiute War, it was dispatched from Fort Alcatraz to the skirmishes near Pyramid Lake, where settlers were losing battles, and Major Daniel E. Hungerford of Downieville's Sierra Guard commanded the Infantry Mountain Force, with arms and ammunition from Downieville, Forest City, and Goodyear Bar National Guard, to engage the Indians and end the conflict.