During the Tullahoma Campaign, deep divisions in Tennessee shaped local loyalties as much as military operations. Shelbyville, Tennessee, known as “Little Boston,” remained a center of Unionist sentiment throughout the war, and when William Rosecrans' Union army captured the town, residents welcomed the soldiers as liberators and held a July 4 celebration while Confederates retreated to Chattanooga. Across the state, loyalties were sharply split: middle Tennesseans initially voted against secession in 1861 before reversing themselves after the firing on Fort Sumter, East Tennessee stayed loyal to the Union, and western Tennessee was strongly secessionist. Even neighboring counties in the campaign area were divided, with Franklin intensely pro-Confederate and Bedford intensely pro-Union, underscoring how the conflict pitted neighbor against neighbor as well as region against region. During Braxton Bragg's occupation of Shelbyville, Union spy Pauline Cushman, born Harriet Wood in New Orleans in 1833 and later a stage actress in New York City, entered southern lines after feigning Confederate sympathy and in May 1863 gathered intelligence on Bragg's defenses by befriending officers. After she was discovered with stolen documents, Bragg sentenced her to hang, but Rosecrans' invasion saved her life. She was later rewarded by the Federal government with the rank of major and, after her death in San Francisco, buried with military honors by the Grand Army of the Republic. In late June 1863, Rosecrans began a major offensive from Murfreesboro to drive Bragg's forty-three-thousand-man Army of Tennessee from its entrenchments at Shelbyville and Wartrace and possibly out of the state, with the larger aim of capturing Chattanooga and aiding loyal East Tennessee. The campaign moved boldly and quickly with relatively few engagements, and by July 2 the seventy-thousand-strong Army of the Cumberland had forced Bragg to retreat to Chattanooga, leaving nearly all of Tennessee in Union hands. To maneuver Bragg out of his Shelbyville trenches, Rosecrans split his army into four independent columns: Gordon Granger advanced south from Murfreesboro toward Shelbyville, Alexander McCook moved south through Liberty Gap, George Thomas marched southeast down the Manchester Pike toward Chattanooga, and Thomas L. Crittenden advanced east along the McMinnville Turnpike before turning south to cross the Highland Rim below Bradyville at Gillie’s Gap. Rosecrans intended to concentrate most of his army at Manchester, then push to Tullahoma and seize the road to Chattanooga before the Confederates could respond, and only heavy rain and poor roads slowed the Union advance.