The Redstone program became a source of conflict between the Army and Air Force because they held different views of nuclear warfare: the Army favored small warheads on mobile missiles for tactical battlefield use, while the Air Force wanted large intercontinental missiles for strikes on Soviet targets and infrastructure. On June 2, 1958, the first overland firing of a large U.S. ballistic missile by combat troops took place when the 40th Field Artillery Missile Group (Heavy) successfully launched a Redstone at White Sands, where other tests also included static firings and full launches. Redstone was later made obsolete by newer solid-fueled missiles that could be stored without fueling before launch, and production ended in 1961. As the Pershing missile replaced Redstone in the U.S. Army arsenal, the 40th Artillery Group was deactivated in February 1964 and the 46th Artillery Group in June 1964, all Redstone missiles and equipment deployed to Europe were returned to the United States by the third quarter of 1964, and in October 1964 the missile was ceremonially retired from active service at Redstone Arsenal. Redstone was capable of flights from 57 to 201 miles and consisted of a thrust unit for powered flight and a missile body for overall missile control and payload delivery on target. During powered flight it burned a fuel mixture of 25 percent water and 75 percent ethyl alcohol, with liquid oxygen as the oxidizer. The missile body included an aft unit with the instrument compartment and a warhead unit with the payload compariment and radar altimeter fuze. After powered flight ended, the missile body separated from the thrust unit 20 to 30 seconds later according to the preset range to target, then continued on a controlled ballistic trajectory to the impact point while the thrust unit followed its own uncontrolled ballistic trajectory and fell short of the designated target. The nuclear-armed Redstone carried the W39, either a MK 39Y1 Mod 1 or MK 39Y2 Mod 1 warhead, with a yield of 3.8 megatons.