By 1840, tens of thousands of wild cattle roamed the vast south Texas region between the Rio Grande and the Gulf of Mexico. Because the longhorns were almost worthless to Texans, extended cattle drives began in 1842, with small herds driven to New Orleans and Missouri. In 1846, Edward Piper drove 1,000 head to Ohio. By 1850, drives began to California, and in 1856, a herd was driven to Chicago. During the same period, bovines were shipped by boat to New Orleans and Havana, Cuba, but with little or no profit. The number of cattle driven out of south Texas did not diminish the growing cattle population, as over 3.5 million head were present in 1860. Several thousand cattle were delivered to the Confederacy during the early years of the Civil War, but cattle drives did not become profitable until the conflict ended. Industrialization and urbanization of the northern U.S. created a huge market, and the westward expansion of railroads provided transportation. In this vicinity, several feeder trails led north to connect with the Chisholm and Dodge City trails to the Kansas railheads. By 1880, four million head had been driven to market, and Texas cattle had spread throughout the West.