In November 1864 in southeastern Colorado, U.S. Volunteer troops attacked Black Kettle's peaceful band of Cheyenne at Sand Creek, and in retaliation for the massacre and mutilation of 163 Cheyenne men, women, and children, Cheyenne warriors with Arapaho and Sioux allies struck military and civilian targets along the South Platte River Trail. On January 7, 1865, 1,500 warriors attacked stage and telegraph stations, ranches, and wagon trains on a 100-mile front between Julesburg and Denver, closing Denver to the outside world, causing more than 250 army and civilian deaths, diverting 8,000 Union troops from Civil War battle lines in the East, and costing the government about $30 million. On July 11, 1869, at Summit Springs about twenty miles north of here, the Fifth U.S. Cavalry under Maj. E.A. Carr and Pawnee Scouts attacked Chief Tall Bull's Cheyenne Dog Soldier camp; William F. "Buffalo Bill" Cody, Maj. Frank North, and Capt. Luther North were prominent in the fight. When the fighting ended, fifty-two Cheyennes were dead, the army's victory broke the military power of the Dog Soldiers, ended Indian-white conflict on Colorado's eastern plains, and was followed shortly by the removal of the Southern Cheyennes to reservation lands in present west-central Oklahoma.