In Brown v. Topeka (1954) and Brown II (1955), the U.S. Supreme Court ordered public schools nationwide to end racial segregation “with all deliberate speed.” Nashville failed to comply, leading to Kelley v. Board of Education in 1955 and a 1957 grade-per-year desegregation plan beginning with first grade. In 1963, Maxwell v. Davidson County (1960) was merged with the Kelley case, and in 1998 the court deemed the Metro school system desegregated. Hattie Cotton Elementary School, named for Nashville educator Hattie R. Cotton (1859-1926), was built in 1950 to serve the white population west of Gallatin Pike, with its modern building designed by Marr and Holman. On Sept. 9, 1957, an African American first grader desegregated the school. At 12:33 a.m. on Sept. 10, the school was dynamited and sustained extensive damage, but it reopened within a week. The bombing culprits remain unidentified.