During the Civil War, Lewisburg was occupied and fought over first by Confederate units and later by Union units. Confederate units included Company A of the 17th Arkansas Infantry, enlisted at Lewisburg in October 1861, and the 18th Arkansas Infantry, which fought around Lewisburg in 1864 and 1865. Union units serving at Lewisburg were the 2nd Arkansas Infantry and the 2nd Arkansas Cavalry in 1864, and the 3rd Arkansas Cavalry, which garrisoned Lewisburg in 1864 and 1865. During the war, Conway County's population was about 3,000, and 900 men from the county fought, with only 200 returning. Lewisburg still had a population of 1,000 in 1880, but little remains today.