The Yellowstone corridor was shaped by Native American use stretching back at least 11,000 years, by early exploration, by the opening of routes to gold fields and settlements, by the creation of Yellowstone National Park, and by the rise of Livingston as a railroad gateway. The area known as Yellowstone Park was known by Native Americans and used by Shoshone and Crow (Apsaalooké), with occasional incursions by the Blackfoot and Sioux; the Anzick site northeast of Livingston has the largest cache of Clovis artifacts ever found. John Colter, a member of the 1804-1805 Lewis and Clark Corps of Discovery, became the first known white man to traverse the Yellowstone Park area in 1807, and Father DeSmet passed through in 1840 returning to St. Louis. Jim Bridger explored the park area in 1830, spent time with the Crow Indians, and pioneered routes later followed by travelers. Gold discovered in Emigrant Gulch in 1863 drew wagon trains led by John Bozeman to the Bannack gold fields in 1864 and established the controversial Bozeman Trail, which lasted until 1868. Nelson Story drove the first cattle herd from Texas over that trail into the Gallatin Valley in 1866. During the years of the Bozeman Trail, the Crow helped the U.S. military protect it against the Sioux, and the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 established the first Crow Reservation from the south bank of the Yellowstone southeast to Wyoming; Fort Parker, at the mouth of Mission Creek, served as the first Crow Agency from 1869 to 1874, and Chief Plenty Coups' dealings with the government kept Crow reservation lands from being totally dissolved. The short-lived post Ida Thurman was built in July 1867 a few miles northeast of Livingston to protect settlers, and Benson's Landing, the first store in the area, also operated a hazardous short-lived ferry across the Yellowstone River a few miles east of Livingston. Scientific exploration of Yellowstone began with the Washburn-Doane Expedition in 1870 and the Hayden Expedition in 1871, accompanied by photographer W.H. Jackson and artist Thomas Moran, and with encouragement from the Northern Pacific Railroad President Ulysses Grant established Yellowstone as the first National Park in 1872. In the spring of 1876, Gibbon's army column from Fort Ellis in Bozeman passed through to aid Custer at Little Bighorn, and in the summer of 1877 Chief Joseph and many of the Nez Perce fled the U.S. Army through Yellowstone Park, alarming visitors, five years after the park was established. The Northern Pacific made Livingston a railroad town in 1882 as tracks were laid west, completed the transcontinental line in 1883, and for the next 30 years provided the only rail access to Yellowstone through Livingston, earning it the nickname "Gateway to Yellowstone Park." The first Bozeman Tunnel opened in 1884, settlement helped Montana achieve statehood in 1889, and the Livingston Depot, designed by Reed and Stem in Italian Renaissance style, was completed in 1902 and now anchors a downtown National Historic Register District of more than 400 buildings. From 1912-1930 Livingston lay on the cross-continental Yellowstone Trail, and the area later became known as a creative hub while remaining a gateway to Yellowstone National Park.