At the end of the Civil War, a huge glut of cattle, as many as 3 million, occupied lands in Texas, while developing railheads and markets in Kansas, Colorado, and New Mexico offered far higher prices than the $3 to $5 per head available in Texas, creating the entrepreneurial response of the cattle drive. Herds of 1,000 to 2,000 cattle were driven from Texas to northern markets, traveling hundreds of miles at only 10 to 15 miles per day. Cattle dealers hired a trail boss, cook, horse wranglers, cowboys, and a guide for the journey. The cowboys, commonly called vaqueros, the Spanish word for cowboy, were often teen-aged boys from all walks of life, including Civil War veterans, farmers, ranchers, Hispanics, Anglos, and African Americans. They worked from sunrise to sunset and often through the night, using several horses a day and changing mounts to maintain the pace. At night they took turns on watch, circling the herd to keep the cattle together and protect them from predators and rustlers. Food was often prepared around a campfire until Charles Goodnight introduced the chuckwagon in 1866 by modifying a Civil War Army surplus wagon to carry a cooker, supplies, and food for the camp cook's kitchen.