San Estévan del Rey Mission Church stands at Sky City on the Acoma Pueblo Reservation in western New Mexico, where Acoma has been continuously occupied since prehistoric times. Built between 1629 and 1641 under Father Juan Ramírez, it was constructed with enslaved Acoma labor after Spanish rule followed the 1599 Acoma massacre. Widely regarded as a leading example of hybrid Spanish Colonial and Puebloan architecture, the adobe church has massive walls, a heavy roof on ponderosa pine vigas, gypsum-finished interiors, and an original native sanctuary painting. It survived the 1680 Pueblo Revolt and later repairs, and remains an active mission church cared for in part by traditional Acoma caretakers.