The peaceful international border here owes some of its location to the War of 1812 and Vermonter William Czar Bradley. The War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain officially ended with the Treaty of Ghent, signed December 24, 1814. One of Great Britain's issues, dating to the end of the American Revolution, was the northern boundary between its territories, now Canada, and the United States. Article V of the treaty addressed resolving the border above Maine and at the Connecticut River's northwestern headwaters above New Hampshire and Vermont. On January 29, 1817, President James Madison appointed Westminster, Vermont, lawyer William Czar Bradley as Article V's American agent. Bradley, who had served two terms as Vermont's U.S. Congressman, and British agent Ward Chipman developed and presented surveyor instructions at a British and American Article V Commission meeting in Boston on June 4, 1817. American and British survey teams worked together for four years, but reached their own conclusions, drew separate maps, and wrote their own reports. The commission failed to agree on the final reports of 1822. Bradley argued the American case and was considered masterful in using the historic background of the 1763 and 1783 treaties ending the French and Indian War and Revolutionary War. After 1831 arbitration by the King of the Netherlands, which the U.S. Senate rejected, the border was settled by the 1842 Webster-Ashburton Treaty, based on this survey work. Bradley considered his Treaty of Ghent work his finest public service.