HISTORY · HISTORICAL MARKER
Tayshas to Texas
History
3
The ancestors of the Caddo lived in North Texas as early as 2,500 years ago, practicing agriculture and a sedentary lifestyle centered on crops such as squash, maize, and beans, known as the Three Sisters, which grew well together because maize supported the beans, beans enriched the soil, and squash protected the plants and shaded the ground. The Comanche arrived in this area in the 1740s and lived nomadically on the plains of North Texas, following bison, called tasiwoo, as their main food source and using every part of the animal for food, tools, and clothing. Other prominent peoples native to Texas included the Apache, Kiowa, Wichita, Jumano, Coahuiltecan, and Karankawa. To avoid the Texas Revolution in 1835, many Texas Caddo began moving to reservations in Oklahoma, and by 1855 most had left Texas, leaving the land they called Tayshas, or Tejas, a Caddoan word meaning those who are friends. In 1859, the United States government began relocating Comanches in North Texas to a large reservation in Oklahoma; many resisted, but those who remained in Texas came into conflict with settlers and U.S. soldiers, and by 1870 nearly all surviving Comanches in Texas had been relocated to Oklahoma. On December 17, 1906, Quanah Parker, identified as the last chief of the Comanches, appealed to delegates of the Oklahoma Constitutional Convention to look after his people as citizens of the United States.
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