Women from Maryland have served the nation honorably and proudly in war and peace. Women volunteered in supporting roles during every armed conflict of the United States beginning with the American Revolution, and some disguised themselves as male soldiers to contribute more directly. During the Civil and Spanish-American wars, women made their most significant contributions in health care and medicine, helping lead to the creation of the Army Nurse Corps in 1901 and the Navy Nurse Corps in 1908. Harriet Tubman, born in Dorchester County, Maryland in 1849, became the first woman to serve with the Union Army as a nurse, spy, and scout during the Civil War. During World War I, women served in the Army and Navy nurse corps, as Navy enlisted women, as Marine women, and in the Coast Guard, while civilian bilingual telephone operators and stenographers were also sent to France. After the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Congress authorized the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps, Navy Waves, Woman Marines, Coast Guard SPARs, and later the Women's Army Corps. During World War II, military women served across the United States and overseas as nurses, postal clerks, intelligence analysts, communication specialists, truck drivers, cooks, linguists, and pilots, including the WASPs who ferried aircraft across the country, and some were held as prisoners of war in the Pacific Theater. Their service in World War II changed the place of women in the military and expanded roles and opportunities for women in the civilian labor force. Women also served in large numbers during the Korean Conflict and the Vietnam War, with many serving in theater as nurses. The first women generals were appointed on June 11, 1970, the first women graduated from the United States Service Academies in 1980, and in 2013 women were officially authorized to serve in combat roles.