Jefferson established a nail-making operation in 1794 to generate income until his farms became profitable, carefully tracking daily output, nailrod waste, and profits. In its early years the nailery succeeded financially and expanded, using nailrod shipped from Philadelphia while enslaved nailers produced thousands of pounds of nails for sale in local stores and to neighbors. Profits later declined because of management problems and competition from cheaper imported nails, and nail-making continued until the War of 1812 disrupted shipments of nailrod from Britain; small-scale production resumed on Mulberry Row in 1815 after the war. In 1794, nine enslaved boys ages 10 to 15 worked from dawn to dusk at forges making as many as 10,000 nails a day: Ben Hix, David and Moses Hern, Burwell Colbert, Barnaby Gillette, James Hubbard, Sheperd, Wormley Hughes, and Joseph Fossett. Under the supervision of head blacksmith George Granger, Jr., who received a small percentage of the profits, they hammered iron nailrod into four sizes of nails, while Jefferson weighed both nailrod and finished nails each day to measure efficiency; Moses Hern, age 15, was the most efficient, and James Hubbard, age 11, wasted the most iron. Although Jefferson wrote that laborers should be well treated and told his manager to avoid whipping the boys except in extremities, severe punishment still occurred, and he at times ordered a whipping for repeated misbehavior as an example to other slaves. At various times nails were made in the smith's shop, nailery, and storehouse for iron, and for a brief period in the 1790s the storehouse for iron also housed a tinsmithing operation run by Isaac, brother of George Granger, Jr., which lasted two years before failing.