Joseph M. Pound served in the Mexican War at age 19, earned his M.D. at Louisville, Ky., and in 1853 settled two miles from here, where his home became a clinic-hospital for young and old, rich and poor of the area. As a Civil War surgeon, he contracted Scarlet Fever, was sent home, recovered, and then joined a frontier regiment. In that war, for each combat death, two died of disease. Confederate doctors faced severe shortages of drugs, surgical tools, horse-drawn ambulances, and hospitals. Instruments had to be bought in Europe and shipped through the naval blockage or captured from the foe. Drugs came in by blockade-runner or were brought from the North by ladies who hid them on their persons in pompadours, bustles, and petticoats. Scarcity led to substitutes such as dogwood, willow, and poplar bark tea for quinine, mullein and other wild herbs for medicine, garden poppies milked for opium, and sutures made from horsehair softened by boiling or from silk cloth ravelings. Female nurses were used for the first time in army hospitals, and this was the first war to use anesthetics. Amputations left severed limbs stacked like wood around field hospitals, ambulances often were not at hand for casualties, and many died while awaiting aid. Until the Atom Bomb, the Civil War was history's bloodiest.