George Rapp's New Harmony was surveyed on August 8, 1814. Within ten years, the Harmonists created a center of commerce and religious communal living on the frontier. Robert Owen purchased the town in 1825 and, together with his partner William Maclure, made New Harmony a pioneering American secular communitarian settlement and the model for nine other American Owenite communities established between 1825 and 1843.