In 1891, Dr. James Naismith's original thirteen rules of basket ball established that the ball could be thrown or batted in any direction with one or both hands, but not with the fist; that a player could not run with the ball and had to throw it from the spot where he caught it; that the ball had to be held in or between the hands, not with the arms or body; and that shouldering, holding, pushing, tripping, or striking an opponent were fouls, with repeated or intentional offenses bringing disqualification. The rules also defined fouls, awarded a goal after three consecutive fouls by one side, set the conditions for making a goal when the ball entered and remained in the basket, governed out-of-bounds play and the throw-in, assigned the umpire to judge the players and fouls, assigned the referee to judge the ball, time, and goals, set the game at two fifteen-minute halves with five minutes' rest between, and declared the side with the most goals the winner, with play continuing after a draw until another goal was made by agreement of the captains. In the seven years since, several rules had been changed, added, or omitted.