On September 5, 1905, the Portsmouth Peace Treaty was signed at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, ending the first great war of the twentieth century, fought between Japan and Russia over control of Korea and Manchuria. The successful negotiations were significantly aided by citizen diplomacy, as New Hampshire hosts encouraged the negotiators throughout the proceedings, especially during the ten days when formal talks were deadlocked, to continue deliberating and reconsider their positions in the interest of their countries and world peace. After a welcoming parade in Portsmouth, Governor John McLane hosted a reception at the old Rockingham County Courthouse, and local and state hosts welcomed the diplomats to church services, lawn parties, picnics, dinners, sporting events, concerts, theatrical performances, and other opportunities for one-on-one contact. Judge Calvin Page ensured the comfort of both delegations by providing accommodations without charge for as long as needed through his role as executor of Frank Jones's estate, and both the Russian and Japanese delegations were housed at the Wentworth Hotel, where informal negotiations and a celebratory reception on the eve of the signing took place. President Theodore Roosevelt, who did not come to Portsmouth, won the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize for orchestrating the negotiations through international back-channel diplomacy and local citizen initiatives, relying on the U.S. Assistant Secretary of State, the U.S. Navy, the Governor of New Hampshire, the Mayor of Portsmouth, and the Seacoast community to facilitate formal and informal talks. Roosevelt accepted New Hampshire's invitation to host the conference because he recognized the U.S. Navy's ability to provide protocol and security, and formal negotiations were held in Building 86, then the shipyard's newest structure, which workers quickly converted from a warehouse into delegate offices and conference spaces. In 2010, the New Hampshire State Legislature designated September 5 as Portsmouth Peace Treaty Day statewide and in perpetuity to honor New Hampshire citizen diplomacy and the local citizens who fostered successful international negotiations and later commemorated the treaty's legacy, and each year on September 5 at 3:47 p.m., the exact moment the treaty was signed, the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard conducts a memorial service and sounds the shipyard horn as bells ring across the Seacoast.