Kincaid Mounds in southern Illinois, beside the Ohio River, was a major Mississippian center occupied about 1050 to 1400 CE, though earlier Indigenous communities used the area for thousands of years. Developed from a local Late Woodland community, it grew into a substantial mound center with a large central plaza, major earthworks, at least 19 mounds, and a palisaded core of roughly 141 acres. Artifacts, mound-top buildings, and burial practices link it to broad ceremonial and exchange networks and to the wider cultural world centered at nearby Cahokia. It is also important in the history of archaeology through major excavations beginning in 1934 and renewed research since 2003.