Prior to the Spanish arrival in the 1500s, hundreds of thousands of Native Americans lived in Florida, and evidence of their diverse culture survives in mounds, earthworks, middens, and other archaeological sites throughout the state. Spanish colonization of La Florida in the 1500s dealt a striking blow to the original inhabitants as many died from European diseases, while others, unarmed because the Spanish prohibited them from owning guns, were killed in battle, fled their homelands, or were taken captive and forced into labor. Starting in 1680, English and Scottish soldiers from the Carolina colonies and their Creek Indian allies attacked the Spanish missions, killing and enslaving local Indians. By the early 1700s, very few of Florida's first people remained, and the Seminole began migrating into Florida. In early 1818, General Andrew Jackson invaded Spanish Florida to stop cross-border violence between Florida Indians and settlers in Georgia, while also capturing runaway slaves and seizing Spanish territory in what became known as the First Seminole War. In 1819, Spain agreed to cede Florida to the United States, and as settlers expanded into the Florida Territory and the population increased, clashes between newcomers and Native Americans intensified.