In the first quarter of the nineteenth century, when the general public believed that the insane and paupers could be rehabilitated into productive citizens, the Ohio Legislature authorized county commissioners to establish county poor houses. The Athens County Home, formerly known as the Athens County Infirmary, opened on this site in 1857 to provide care for indigent citizens of Athens County. After fire destroyed the original building in 1903, a new building was constructed from 1904 to 1905 with capacity for up to one hundred people, and when it was built it was considered one of the finest and most modern charitable institutions of its time. The facility continued to house indigent and elderly residents until 1997, when the County Commissioners closed the home and it became a primary location for the delivery of social services in Athens County. When the Athens County Infirmary opened in 1906, its design and operation incorporated the principles of scientific charity, a social theory that moved away from indiscriminate giving and instead focused on understanding the causes of poverty and what outcomes might be obtained by charitable acts. Children and mentally ill patients who had resided in the infirmary before 1906 were sent to other locations, while the remaining adult population was divided by sex into separate wings, dining areas, and porches. Able-bodied residents aided with farm chores, helping support the operation of the infirmary and the farm on which it stood, and with its own livestock, barns, farm equipment, surgical room, and power plant, the facility was nearly self-sufficient.