The Pine Ridge Country of northwestern Nebraska was long the homeland and hunting grounds of the Lakota, or Western Sioux, and in the nineteenth century became one of the most historic landscapes of the American West. White fur traders arrived in the 1830s and 1840s to exchange manufactured goods for bison robes, and in the 1870s the discovery of gold in the nearby Black Hills helped spark dramatic and tragic conflict between the U.S. Army and the Indians in the Great Sioux War of 1876-77. The region preserves many sites tied to those eras and to white settlement in the 1880s and 1890s, including Camp or Fort Robinson, where Crazy Horse died in September 1877, where the Cheyenne Outbreak occurred in January 1879, where black U.S. cavalry garrisons served from 1885 to 1906, and which later became the world's largest army remount depot, a World War II German prisoner of war camp, and a war dog training center; Red Cloud Agency and the later Pine Ridge Agency; the Sidney to Black Hills Trail; the last camp of Crazy Horse; Crow Butte; the Fremont, Elkhorn and Missouri Valley Railroad; the Grand Council of September 1875, where government commissioners failed to buy the Black Hills from thousands of Sioux, Cheyennes, and Arapahos; the Whetstone, Spotted Tail, and Red Cloud agencies; the first Chadron townsite; the Northern Cheyenne disarming of October 1878; the forced return of Red Cloud's and Red Leaf's bands in October 1876; trading posts operated by Louis Chartran, Joseph Bissonette, James Bordeaux, and Peter B. Nelson; the Fort Laramie to Fort Pierre Fur Trade Trail; the organization of Dawes County and selection of Chadron as county seat in 1885; the Chadron to Chicago One Thousand Mile Horse Race of June 1893; Camp Sheridan; the military, freight, and stagecoach road linking Fort Robinson, Camp Sheridan, and Pine Ridge Agency; and the telegraph line that paralleled that route.