Dubuque, known as the Key City of Iowa, was part of what became French Louisiana when Joliet and Marquette passed by in 1673. Perrot taught the Miami Indians to mine lead there in 1690. France ceded Louisiana west of the Mississippi to Spain in 1762, placing the area under Spanish rule, and Frenchmen mined lead there during the American Revolution. In 1788, the Fox Indians granted Julien Dubuque the right to work the lead mines, and Spain confirmed that right with a land grant in 1796. Dubuque, the first permanent settler in Iowa, died in 1810, and his tomb stands on a bluff overlooking the Mississippi below the city. In 1830, lead miners drew up the Miner’s Compact there, the first code of laws in Iowa. Permanent white settlement began in 1833 after the Fox Indians withdrew, and the first survey of the city limits was made that fall. Dubuque became a city of many firsts in Iowa, including the first church, the first murder and public hanging in 1834, and the first newspaper and first bank in 1836. The town was incorporated in 1836, and by 1860 Dubuque city and county had 31,164 inhabitants.