On December 1, 1955, Rosa Louis McCauley Parks was arrested for refusing city bus driver J. F. Blake's order to give up her seat under Jim Crow segregation laws. She was taken to police headquarters at City Hall for booking and then to the municipal jail on Ripley Street, where civil rights leader E. D. Nixon and attorney Clifford Durr soon arrived to post her bail. Her arrest galvanized black leaders to organize a boycott of the bus system for December 5, the date of her appearance in Municipal Court. Her conviction and the success of the one-day protest inspired the creation of the Montgomery Improvement Association, or MIA, to continue what became known as the Montgomery Bus Boycott. The 382-day boycott was the first sustained mass demonstration against segregation in the U.S. and launched the 20th-century civil rights movement, while also bringing the MIA's elected leader, Martin Luther King Jr., to national prominence. The boycott ended after a lawsuit filed by Parks's attorney, Fred D. Gray, ultimately led federal courts to declare segregated bus seating unconstitutional. Parks later became a national heroine, but after the boycott she and her husband were denied employment in Montgomery, moved to Detroit, and she lived there for the rest of her life until her death on October 24, 2005, widely honored for her courage and activism.