James Campbell National Wildlife Refuge occupies Oʻahu’s northern tip between Kahuku and Turtle Bay and was established in 1976 to protect one of the island’s last intact wetland areas. Its two coastal units, spring-fed Punamano and the altered marsh of Kiʻi, preserve scarce wetland habitat for native plants, migratory birds, and Hawaiʻi’s four endangered waterbirds. The refuge also supports shorebirds, seabirds, and other endangered wildlife, with 119 bird species documented there. Managers actively combat predators, invasive plants, disease, and hybridization threats. In 2005, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service acquired key refuge lands, and a 2006 law authorized expansion to 1,100 acres.