Johnson Lake National Wildlife Refuge in North Dakota was established on May 10, 1939, by Executive Order 8122 signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to protect breeding and refuge habitat for migratory birds and other wildlife. Part of the Arrowwood National Wildlife Refuge Complex and managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, it is unusual among federal refuges because the land remains privately owned under a conservation easement while still subject to federal protection laws. Not open to the public, it supports numerous ducks and wading birds, along with Canada geese, snow geese, tundra swans, and wintering white-tailed deer.