Teetotalers fought against the selling and consumption of alcohol in the mid-19th century, and the temperance movement was especially strong in Kansas. As a territory, Kansas passed local option laws for taverns, and groups such as the Kansas State Temperance Union and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, along with other supporters, pushed the state to become a leader in prohibition. By the 1870s, Kansas Republicans supported prohibition, and in 1878 voters elected a prohibitionist governor. In 1880, Kansas became the first state to add prohibition to its constitution through an amendment forbidding the manufacture or sale of intoxicating liquors, and voters ratified the amendment. At first, prohibition in Kansas was unsuccessful, as many taverns ignored the law by paying monthly fines, using loopholes, or taking advantage of weak enforcement. The movement regained momentum around the turn of the century through progressive reformers and activists such as Carry A. Nation, who drew attention to the issue by destroying taverns. Full enforcement did not come until 1907, and in 1917 Kansas made possession of liquor in the home illegal, with communion wine as the only exception. In 1919, the U.S. Constitution's 18th Amendment established national prohibition, but enforcement proved difficult over the next 14 years, and although it reduced alcohol consumption somewhat, it also encouraged lawlessness, skepticism about government overreach, and high public costs. In 1933 the amendment was repealed, but Kansas kept its own prohibition until voters rejected it in 1948, after which the state returned to local option laws; in Barber County, liquor by the drink in bars and restaurants remained illegal until 2010. Carry A. Nation, born in Kentucky in 1846, became a leading and controversial prohibition and women's rights activist after losing her first husband to alcoholism. By 1890 she had remarried and moved to Medicine Lodge, where she took part in religious and civic activities, organized a local Woman's Christian Temperance Union, campaigned for enforcement of Kansas liquor laws, and supported women's suffrage and women's rights. Frustrated that saloon owners ignored the state's alcohol ban, she began smashing saloons in 1899 after a vision sent her to Kiowa, then continued in Wichita, Enterprise, Hope, and Topeka, where in 1901 she first urged taverns to close and pressed the Governor and legislature to enforce the law before joining her followers in smashing the Senate Saloon and other bars. Arrested many times for her hatchet attacks, she died in 1911, a year before Kansas allowed women to vote, but she helped lead the way for the 18th and 19th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution. Her home in Medicine Lodge later became a museum, and the Carry Nation House was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976.