Turpentine camps were found throughout Florida in the late 1800s and early 1900s, where men working in teams of 10 to 20 scraped strips of bark from longleaf pines, collected resin, and sent it to nearby stills to be refined into tar, pitch, rosin, and turpentine for products such as paints, medicines, soaps, lamp oil, and cosmetics. Because these materials were used extensively in the maritime industry, they were known as naval stores, and Florida once led the world in their production. The work was labor intensive, so camps were established near the work sites and often relocated to untapped forests, but the industry declined over time, with many camps shifting to lumber production or being dismantled and abandoned. The industry exploited both workers and the environment, forcing laborers, mainly African Americans and incarcerated people, to work in harsh conditions while also affecting millions of acres of pine trees. From 1898 to 1926, Etna operated as a turpentine and lumber camp, reaching its peak in 1905 with over 200 predominantly African American workers and more than 50 structures, including a post office, two turpentine stills, a sawmill, a blacksmith shop, a cooperage for making barrels, an eight-mile tram line, and a company store. In 1993, surveyors for a natural gas pipeline discovered the camp’s remains, and the Etna Turpentine Camp Archaeological Site was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.