As unemployment reached 25% in 1933, President Roosevelt launched a series of work programs called the New Deal. Two of these programs were the Works Progress Administration, or WPA, and the Civilian Conservation Corps, or CCC. Over ten years, the two programs gave work to eleven million people and built public structures all over the country. About 124,000 Oklahomans were part of either the WPA or the CCC, and their work can be seen in architectural elements throughout the refuge. The CCC built 29 dams and more than 50 miles of big game fences from three CCC camps on the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge. The WPA built the first buildings at the Holy City, the Mount Scott scenic drive, and many culverts along refuge roads. A recent road paving project eliminated ten of the concrete box culverts and hand laid rock culverts that the WPA built on the refuge.