In the early twentieth century, as automobiles and the internal combustion engine increased demand for gasoline, crude oil was refined into more useful products and small independent companies built refineries near oil fields because crude was difficult to transport; just before 1920, West Tulsa had 18 mostly small independent refineries, though in the 1930s larger companies absorbed smaller ones and concentrated refining in bigger facilities. In Indian Territory, attention from eastern investors followed the commercially producing Nellie Johnstone No. 1 near Bartlesville in 1897. In spring 1901, Jesse A. Heydrick came to Red Fork to seek a petroleum-producing site, hired a drilling crew from the Sapulpa area, and shipped equipment there on the Frisco. When the railroad held the equipment until shipping charges were paid, Red Fork physicians and promoters Dr. Fred S. Clinton and Dr. J.C.W. Bland paid the charges and directed Heydrick and the crew to unallotted land just east of platted Red Fork at the foot of Red Fork Hill, now called Lookout Mountain. Drilling began in late May, and in the early morning of June 25, 1901, a gusher came in. Dr. Clinton then obtained power of attorney from Sue A. Bland, wife of Dr. Bland and a Muscogee-Creek citizen, traveled to Muscogee, and persuaded the U.S. Indian Agent to designate the well site as her homestead allotment, making her the landowner and recipient of royalties from the well. News of the strike drew more than 2,000 people to Red Fork, including Robert Galbreath of Oklahoma City, who moved there and later gained fame and fortune by drilling the Ida Glenn No. 1 discovery well and opening the highly productive Glenn Pool on November 22, 1905. Red Fork, Sapulpa, and Tulsa became centers of distribution and banking for the oil industry that made Tulsa the 20th Century Oil Capital of the World.