Constructed in 1911-1912 and designed by architect Richard H. Hunt, the Jackson County Courthouse is a Neo-Classical brick building on the town square in Scottsboro, the county seat of Jackson County, with a two-story front portico supported by four Doric stone columns and a cupola containing a Seth Thomas clock. It was the site of the first of the Scottsboro Boys trials after two white women accused nine black teenagers of rape on March 25, 1931, while riding a freight train through Jackson County. In April 1931, at the first of four trials, a jury convicted eight of the nine defendants and sentenced them to death, while the judge declared a mistrial in the case of one defendant. Soon after the guilty verdicts, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and the International Labor Defense came to the defense of the Scottsboro Boys, contending the trials were unconstitutional. The United States Supreme Court overturned the verdicts, and new trials were held in Decatur, Alabama. After a series of trials, convictions, and overturned decisions, a compromise was reached in 1938, with some of the Scottsboro Boys freed immediately and the others released by 1950. In 1976, Alabama Governor George C. Wallace pardoned the last living Scottsboro Boy. Two landmark United States Supreme Court decisions arose directly from the case: in Patterson vs. Alabama (1932), the Court ruled the defendants were denied the right to effective legal counsel, and in Norris vs Alabama (1935), the Court ruled they had not received equal protection under the law because Jackson County juror rolls excluded African Americans. Many consider the Scottsboro Case and its aftermath one of the beginnings of the civil rights movement in America.