The Central and Northern Oregon Coast is a rugged shoreline backed by the Coast Range Mountains, remnants of volcanic islands that collided with the North American continent about 50 million years ago, and is marked by basalt headlands, bays, estuaries, river mouths, volcanic cliffs, beaches edged by eroded sandstone and mudstone, and offshore basalt seastacks. The Central Oregon Coast extends from Cascade Head to Florence, and its land and sea have supported human societies for thousands of years. Since time immemorial, tribes and bands including the Salmon River, Siletz, Yaquina, Alsea, Siuslaw, Lower Umpqua, and Coos lived along the coast, interacting through trade, intermarriage, canoe travel on rivers and estuaries, and trails across the Coast Range and along the shoreline. Before the 1850s, few Euro-Americans lived on the isolated Central Coast, but gold discoveries drew miners and traders to Coos Bay and the Umpqua River regions. As the federal government sought title to Indian lands in Oregon Territory, most tribes on the Central Coast reluctantly signed treaties that would have ceded their lands, though the US Senate did not ratify them. In 1855 the Coast Reservation was established for about 100 miles of coastline, and after the Rogue River Wars ended in 1856, many Indians from Southern Oregon were forcibly marched there. Reservation residents were directed to farm in coastal forests, and starvation, abuse, and disease took a terrible toll. The reservation was reduced in 1865 and again in 1875, after which Euro-American settlers expanded lumber mills, salmon canneries, and oyster beds in the estuaries, while some Coos and Lower Umpqua people returned to the Siuslaw River and some Alsea went north to the Siletz Reservation. By the 1880s, schooners and steamships connected the Central Coast with Portland and San Francisco, and the federal government improved navigation with lifesaving stations, jetties, and lighthouses, including the first Umpqua River Lighthouse in 1857. Railroads reached Yaquina Bay in 1884 and Coos Bay in 1916, opening new markets, and in the 1920s and 1930s road building and bridge construction created a continuous Oregon Coast Highway, with the last ferry retired in 1936 when the Conde B. McCullough Bridge over Coos Bay was completed. The highway fostered tourism alongside fishing and logging, and after failed termination efforts in the 1950s, tribal strength revived, with federal recognition restored to the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians in 1977 and the sovereignty of the Confederated Tribes of the Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw Indians recognized in 1984.