Agua Fria National Monument in central Arizona, established in 2000 and managed by the Bureau of Land Management, protects a broad cultural and natural landscape north of Phoenix. It is especially significant for Perry Mesa, where more than 450 Native American structures, including large pueblos, preserve evidence of the Perry Mesa Tradition between 1250 and 1450 C.E. Thousands of petroglyphs, agricultural terraces, and irrigation works reflect long-term settlement and farming, while 19th-century mining remains and Basque sheep camps add later history. Its semi-desert grasslands, riverine woodlands, varied elevations, and diverse wildlife make it important ecologically as well as archaeologically.