Sonoran Desert National Monument is a protected area in Arizona established on January 17, 2001, and managed by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management within the National Landscape Conservation System. Covering 496,400 acres, it preserves part of the larger Sonoran Desert, including the North Maricopa Mountains, South Maricopa Mountains, and Table Top Wildernesses, where rich desert habitat is shielded from development. Its founding proclamation emphasized the area’s biological, scientific, historic, and cultural importance, including archaeological sites, rock art, lithic quarries, scattered artifacts, and habitat for federally listed endangered species. It also strengthened preservation measures and set specific limits on livestock grazing.